Kepentingan China dalam Penyaluran Bantuan Luar Negeri terhadap Afghanistan Tahun 2020-2023

Authors

  • Ramaldy Krisna Indradipradana Universitas Paramadina

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.36722/mondial.v1i2.3002

Abstract

Konflik Afghanistan telah berlangsung dari abad ke-16 sampai abad ke-21 dan menimbulkan ketidakstabilan di berbagai sektor yang mengakibatkan terjadinya krisis. Situasi ini kian diperparah dengan kembali berkuasanya Taliban di Afghanistan. Taliban yang kembali ke takhta kepemimpinan Afghanistan menyebabkan terhentinya banyak bantuan internasional dan jalinan kerja sama. Dalam penelitian ini, China menjadi negara yang tetap menjalin hubungan diplomatik dengan Taliban serta menyalurkan bantuan luar negeri ke Afghanistan. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif yang berpusat pada analisa terkait apa saja motif China dalam penyaluran bantuan luar negeri ke Afghanistan tahun 2020-2023 dengan internet-based research dalam penghimpunan data. Selain itu, penelitian ini memanfaatkan bantuan luar negeri dari Carol Lancaster (2007). Penelitian ini menghasilkan bahwa terdapat tiga motif yang mendorong China pada 2020-2023 menyalurkan bantuan luar negeri ke Afghanistan yaitu motif diplomatik, motif pembangunan, dan motif komersial.

References

ABC News. (2021, Agustus 17). China Ready for ‘Friendly Relations’ with Taliban, Calls on US to ‘Seriously Reflect’ on Afghanistan. Dipetik Mei 13, 2024, dari ABC News: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-08-17/afghanistan-china-us-relations-taliban/100382960?utm_campaign=abc_news_web&utm_content=link&utm_medium=content_shared&utm_source=abc_news_web

Afghanistan Times. (2023, Februari 20). China to Become Afghanistan’s Second-Largest Trade Partner.Dipetik Mei 25, 2024, dari Afghanistan Times: https://www.afghanistantimes.af/china-to-become-afghanistans-second-largest-trade-partner/

Al Jazeera. (2021, Juli 28). Chinese Officials and Taliban Meet, In Sign of Warming Ties. Dipetik Mei 08, 2024, dari Al Jazeera: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/7/28/chinese-officials-taliban-vow-warm-ties-in-meeting

Al Jazeera. (2023, Januari 06). Afghanistan Signs Oil Extraction Deal With Chinese Company. Dipetik Mei 30, 2024, dari AlJazeera: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/1/6/afghanistan-signs-oil-extraction-deal-with-chinese-company

Ali, G. (2020). China-Pakistan Cooperation on Afghanistan: Assessing Key Interests and Implementing Strategies. The Pacific Review, 1-23.

Arisanto, P. & Pratiwi, T. (2020). Kebijakan Kriminalisasi LGBT Malawi di Tengah Pengaruh Kelompok Kepentingan dan Politik Bantuan Luar Negeri. JIHI, 16(1), 69-86.

BBC. (2021, September 09). China Offers $31m in Emergency Aid to Afghanistan. Dipetik April 30, 2024, dari BBC: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-58496867

BBC. (2023, Agustus 25). Xinjiang Profile. Dipetik Mei 12, 2024, dari BBC: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-16860974

Bloomberg. (2021, Agustus 17). With Economic Assets to Secure, China Embraces the Taliban. Dipetik Mei 16, 2024, dari Al Jazeera: https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2021/8/17/with-economic-assets-to-secure-china-embraces-the-taliban

Brar, A. (2023, September 06). Afghanistan is Next China’s Eurasia Connectivity Dream, But Old Problem Persists. Dipetik Mei 27, 2024, dari Institute for Security & Development Security: https://www.isdp.eu/afghanistan-is-next-in-chinas-eurasian-connectivity-dream-but-old-problems-persist/

China Briefing. (2023, Januari 10). China and Afghanistan: Bilateral Trade Relationship and Future Outlook. Dipetik Mei 18, 2024, dari China Briefing: https://www.china-briefing.com/news/china-and-afghanistan-bilateral-trade-relationship-and-future-outlook/

China Embassy in Afghanistan. (2022, November 03). New Journey of China’s Development, New Opportunities for China-Afghanistan Relations. Dipetik Mei 17, 2024, dari China Embassy in Afghanistan: http://af.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/sgxw/202211/t20221103_10799850.htm

China Embassy in Afghanistan. (2022, Novermber 15). Promoting the High-Quality Development of the BRI, Ensuring the China-Afghanistan Friendship Sails Steadily. Dipetik Mei 21, 2024, dari China Embassy in Afghanistan: http://af.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/sgxw/202211/t20221115_10975719.htm

China Embassy in Zimbabwe. (2021, Desember 16). China’s International Development Cooperation in the New Era. Dipetik Mei 17, 2024, dari China Embassy in Zimbabwe: http://zw.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zgjj/202112/t20211216_10470559.htm

Dufree, L., Ali, M., & Weinbaum, M. (2024, April 11). Afghanistan. Dipetik April 30, 2024, dari Britannica: https://www.britannica.com/place/Afghanistan

Dunning, S. (2021, Agustus 14). China is Protecting Its Thin Corridor to the Afghan Heartland. Dipetik Mei 12, 2024, dari Foreign Policy: https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/08/14/china-afghanistan-wakhan-corridor-imperial-ambitions/

Elapata, D. (2020, Februari 26). Does the Belt and Road Initiative Have a Chance in Afghanistan?. Dipetik Mei 19, 2024, dari EIAS: https://eias.org/publications/op-ed/does-the-belt-and-road-initiative-have-a-chance-in-afghanistan/

Fanani, M & Andri, A. (2021). Sejarah Islam dan Politik di Afghanistan. Tamaddun: Jurnal Kebudayaan dan Sastra Islam, 21(2), 91-112.

Foreign Ministry of People Republic of China. (2021, Desember 31). 中国ï¼é˜¿å¯Œæ±—人é“æ´åŠ©å’Œç»æµŽé‡å»ºå·¥ä½œå±‚è”络机制首次会议å¬å¼€. Dipetik Mei 09, 2024, dari FMPRC: https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/web/wjbxw_673019/202112/t20211231_10477886.shtml

Foreign Ministry of People Republic of China. (2022, April 01). The Tunxi Initiative of the Neighbouring Countries of Afghanistanon Supporting Economic Reconstruction in and Practical Cooperation with Afghanistan. Dipetik April 30, 2024, dari FMPRC: https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjdt_665385/2649_665393/202204/t20220401_10662024.html

Foreign Ministry of People Republic of China. (2022, Juni 30). Foreign Ministry Spokerson Zhao Lijian’s Regular Press Conference on June 30, 2022. Dipetik Mei 18, 2024, dari FMPRC: https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/202206/t20220630_10713185.html

Foreign Ministry of People Republic of China. (2023, April 12). China Position on the Afghan Issue. Dipetik Mei 07, 2024, dari FMPRC: https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/wjdt_665385/wsrc_665395/202304/t20230412_11057785.html

GHI. (2022). Food Systems Transformation and Local Governance. Dipetik April 30, 2024, dari Global Hunger Index: https://www.globalhungerindex.org/pdf/en/2022.pdf

Gul, A. (2022, Juli 29). China Gives New Trade Concessions to Aghanistan. Dipetik Mei 24, 2024, dari VOA: https://www.voanews.com/a/china-gives-new-trade-concessions-to-afghanistan-/6679703.html

Haider, S. (2020, April 01). China’s Deepening Diplomatic and Economic Engagement in Afghanistan. Dipetik Mei 26, 2024, dari Jamestown Foundation: https://jamestown.org/program/chinas-deepening-diplomatic-and-economic-engagement-in-afghanistan/

Haider, S. (2020, Januari 30). Is China Set to Play a Greater Role in Afghanistan?. Dipetik Mei 20, 2024, dari The New Arab: https://www.newarab.com/analysis/will-china-play-greater-role-afghanistan

Haines, J. (2024, Januari 18). Countries That Receive the Most Foreign Aid From the US. Dipetik April 30, 2024, dari US News: https://www.usnews.com/news/best-countries/articles/countries-that-receive-the-most-foreign-aid-from-the-u-s

Han, Z. (2022, Juli 29). China Exempts Import Tariffs, Resumes Issuing Visas for Afghan Crisis. Dipetik Mei 23, 2024, dari Global Times: https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202207/1271747.shtml

Herd, G. (2021, Agustus). The Causes and The Consequences of Strategic Failure in Afghanistan?. Dipetik April 30, 2024, dari Marshall Center: https://www.marshallcenter.org/en/publications/security-insights/causes-and-consequences-strategic-failure-afghanistan-0

Hussein, M. & Haddad, M. (2021, September 21). Mapping Afghanistan’s Untapped Natural Resources. Dipetik Mei 29, 2024, dari Aljazeera: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/9/24/mapping-afghanistans-untapped-natural-resources-interactive

IPC. (2021). Afghanistan: IPC Acute Food Insecurity Analysis August 2020 – March 2021. Dipetik April 30, 2024, dari IPC: https://www.ipcinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/ipcinfo/docs/IPC_Afghanistan_AcuteFoodInsec_2020Aug2021March_report_Updated.pdf

Jain, B. (2021, Oktober 08). China’s Geostrategic Engagement in a New Afghanistan. Dipetik Mei 29, 2024, dari East Asia Forum: https://eastasiaforum.org/2021/10/08/chinas-geostrategic-engagement-in-a-new-afghanistan/

Jun, X. & Daye, C. (2021, Juli 13). Extension of CPEC Into Afghanistan to Boost Local Exports, Journey of Peace: Analysts. Dipetik Mei 27, 2024, dari Global Times: https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202107/1228518.shtml

Kementerian Keamanan Publik China. (2021, Juli 14). 公安部新闻å‘布会通报全国公安机关åšå†³è´¯å½»è½å®žä¹ 近平总书记é‡è¦è®²è¯ç²¾ç¥žå¼€å±•åæ怖工作有关情况. Dipetik Mei 13, 2024, dari Kementerian Keamanan Publik China: https://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2021-07/14/content_5624992.htm

Kermani, S. (2022, Juni 24). Gempa Afghanistan: Gempa Susulan Tewaskan Warga, Korban Selamat Habiskan Makanan dan Khawatir Terpapar Wabah Kolera. Dipetik Mei 01, 2024, dari BBC: https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/dunia-61891368

Khan, M. (2023, Desember 07). China’s Decisive Moves on Afghanistan. Dipetik Mei 18, 2024, dari Arab News: https://www.arabnews.pk/node/2421921

Ku, J., Thomson, D., & Wertz, D. (2011). The U.S-China Relationship and Afghanistan. JSTOR, 11-18.

Kumar, R. & Noori, H. (2023, Februari 27). Will China’s Latest Invetsment in Afghanistan Actually Work?. Dipetik Mei 29, 2024, dari Aljazeera: https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2023/2/27/will-chinas-latest-investment-in-afghanistan-actually-work

Kuo, M. (2021, Desember 25). China in Afghanistan: How Beijing Engages the Taliban. Dipetik Mei 13, 2024, dari The Diplomat: https://thediplomat.com/2021/12/china-in-afghanistan-how-beijing-engages-the-taliban/

Lancaster, C. (2007). Foreign Aid: Diplomacy, Development, and Domestic Politics. Chicago: The Chicago University Press.

Makatita, S. & Yumitro, G. (2023). Pengaruh Ideologi Taliban Terhadap Dinamika Konflik Afghanistan. Sang Pencerah: Jurnal Ilmiah Universitas Muhammadiyah Buton, 9(3), 802-812.

Morgenthau, H. (1962). A Political Theory of Foreign Aid. The American Political Science Review, 56(2), 301-309.

Nichols, M. (2021, November 23). UN Warns of ‘Colossal’ Collapse of Afghan Banking System. Dipetik Mei 02, 2024, dari Reuters: https://www.reuters.com/business/finance/exclusive-un-warns-colossal-collapse-afghan-banking-system-2021-11-22/

Observatory of Economic Complexity. (2021). Afghanistan (AFG) Exports, Imports, and Trade Partners. Dipetik Mei 21, 2024, dari OEC: https://oec.world/en/profile/country/afg?yearSelector1=2021&depthSelector1=HS6Depth&yearlyTradeFlowSelector=flow0

Observatory of Economic Complexity. (2021). China (CHN) Exports, Imports, and Trade Partners. Dipetik Mei 26, 2024, dari OEC: https://oec.world/en/profile/country/chn?depthSelector1=HS6Depth&yearSelector1=2021

Pantucci, R. (2023, November 08). Afghanistan Shows the Gap Between BRI Rhetoric and Reality. Dipetik Mei 19, 2024, dari Nikkei Asia: https://asia.nikkei.com/Opinion/Afghanistan-shows-the-gap-between-BRI-rhetoric-and-reality

Pertiwi, D., Fahira, A., & Oktaviany, V. (2021). Implikasi One China Policy terhadap Kemerdekaan Taiwan. Warta Governance, 2(1), 256-266.

Putri, A. K., Ramadhanti, H. N., Puspita, R. A., Yasid, F., & Setyaningtyas, D. (2022). Analisis Motif Bantuan Luar Negeri Indonesia Terhadap Krisis di Afghanistan Tahun 2020-2021. Global & Policy, 10(1), 87-98.

Rahmat, H., Ramadhani, R., Ma’rufah, N., Gustaman, F., Sumantri, S., & Adriyanto, A. (2020). Bantuan China Berupa Alat Uji Cepat COVID-19 Kepada Filipina: Perspektif Diplomacy and International Lobbying Theory. JPIS, 30(1), 19-27.

Railway Gazette International. (2023, Juli20). Trans-Afghanistan Railway Agreement Signed. Dipetik Mei 18, 2024, dari Railway Gazette International: https://www.railwaygazette.com/infrastructure/trans-afghanistan-railway-agreement-signed/64551.article

Rasooli, M., Yawar, M., Sharify, A., & Haqyar, E. (2023). China-Afghanistan Relations: Change to the Path of Strategic Partnership. Akademik arih ve Düşünce Dergisi, 10(6), 2603-2627.

Rodriguez-Merino, P. (2022, Februari 11). Chinese Security Narratives in the New Afghan Context: Xinjiang and the Recycling of the “ETIM†Threat. Dipetik Mei 13, 2024, dari The Jamestown Foundation: https://jamestown.org/program/chinese-security-narratives-in-the-new-afghan-context-xinjiang-and-the-recycling-of-the-etim-threat/

Rosyidin, M. (2022). Politik Bantuan Luar Negeri: Moralitas dalam Dunia Anarki. Sleman: Deepublish Publisher

Sacks, D. (2021, Agustus 24). Why Major Belt and Road Investements Are Not Coming to Afghanistan. Dipetik Mei 30, 2024, dari Council on Foreign Relations: https://www.cfr.org/blog/why-major-belt-and-road-investments-are-not-coming-afghanistan

Salsabila, D. (2023). Latar Belakang Berkuasanya Kembali Taliban di Afghanistan pada Tahun 2021. Jurnal Pena Wimaya, 3(2), 1-26.

Save The Children. (2022, February 14). Afghanistan: A Fifth Starving Families Sending Children to Work as Incomes Plummet in Past Six Months. Dipetik Mei 03, 2024, dari Save The Children: https://www.savethechildren.net/news/afghanistan-fifth-starving-families-sending-children-work-incomes-plummet-past-six-months

SIGAR. (2022). Economic and Social Development. Virginia: SIGAR.

Strange, A. (2024). Chinese Global Infrastructure. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Sogge, D. (2002). Give and Take: What’s the Matter with Foreign Aid?. London: Zed Book.

Thapa, I. (2020). Foreign Aid: Positive and Negative Impact in Developing Countries. Public Administration Campus, Tribhuvan University. 10.13140/RG.2.2.19155.81448

Tiezzi, S. (2022, Maret 25). China Signals It’s Back to Business as Usual with Taliban Government. Dipetik Mei 11, 2024, dari The Diplomat: https://thediplomat.com/2022/03/china-signals-its-back-to-business-as-usual-with-taliban-government/

Turak, N. (2021, September 17). Donors Pledging Billions in Aid to Afghanistan Face a Challenge: Navigating the Taliban. Dipetik Mei 03, 2024, dari CNBC: https://www.cnbc.com/2021/09/17/aid-funding-for-afghanistan-at-risk-of-taliban-misuse-corruption.html

Virgianita, A., dkk. (2014). Perkembangan Diskursus dan Implementasi Bantuan Luar Negeri dalam Studi Hubungan Internasional. Yogyakarta: Amongkarta.

Wieringen, K. & Claustre, J. (2023). Future of Sino-Afghan Relations: Impacts on EU Interests and Strategic Autonomy. Dipetik Mei 30, 2024, dari European Parliamentary Research Service: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2023/747434/EPRS_BRI(2023)747434_EN.pdf

World Bank. (2022). Population Total – Afghanistan. Dipetik Mei 04, 2024, dari World Bank: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?end=2022&locations=AF&start=1960&view=chart

Xie, Q. (2021, Desember 21). China and Taliban-Led Afghanistan: Opportunities and Challenges. Dipetik Mei 29, 2024, dari Oxford Political Review: https://oxfordpoliticalreview.com/2021/12/21/chinas-interests-and-investment-in-taliban-led-afghanistan-opportunities-and-challenges/

Xin, L. & Yunyi, B. (2021, Oktober 26). Wang Yi meets Afghan Taliban in Doha, yielding more positive remarks on fighting terrorism: experts. Dipetik Mei 10, 2024, dari Global Times: https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202110/1237375.shtml

Xing, D. (2021, Agustus 29). The Taliban is Persuading China to invest in Afghanistan, But It is Not an Easy Task. Dipetik Mei 17, 2024, dari ABC News: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-08-29/the-taliban-trying-to-persuade-china-to-invest-in-afghanistan/100408696

Xinhua. (2020, Mei 30). Gwadar Port to Boost Pakistan-Afghanistan Trade: Afghan Envoy. Dipetik Mei 28, 2024, dari Xinhua: http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-05/30/c_139100138.htm

Xinhua. (2022, April 24). China Provides Humanitarian Aid to Afghanistan. Dipetik Mei 05, 2024, dari Xinhua: http://www.china.org.cn/world/2022-04/24/content_78183156.htm

Xinhua. (2022, November 10). Afghanistan Resumes Pine Nut Export Via Air Corridor to China. Dipetik Mei 22, 2024, dari Xinhua: https://english.news.cn/20221011/ebcdc68d540a4e589f99a1cce1495a39/c.html

Xinhua. (2022, September 22). Land Corridor Via Rail Connects Afghanistan to China as 1st Freight Arrives. Dipetik Mei 26, 2024, dari Xinhua: http://english.news.cn/20220922/91813e6bcdbb481cbda8d40e66b1fed8/c.html

Yawar, M. & Greenfield, C. (2023, Oktober 14). Exclusive: Taliban to Join China’s Belt and Road Forum, Elevating Ties. Dipetik Mei 11, 2024, dari Reuters: https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/taliban-join-chinas-belt-road-forum-elevating-ties-2023-10-14/

Published

2024-10-01